The Baader-Meinhof Gang Free Essays

The Baader-Meinhof or the Red Army Faction (RAF) was a conspicuous activist outfit of the ‘German Autumn. ’ A fear period that went on for almost three decades was set apart by the ascent and fall of a few psychological militant associations. One of the most feared of these was the Baader-Meinhof Gang. We will compose a custom paper test on The Baader-Meinhof Gang or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Initially shaped as a progressive association that would stop German fundamentalist time, the posse went off course with its objectives and depended on unlawful exercises. At their pinnacle, they had executed various demonstrations of fear including bank theft, grabbing and murder. They had become so notorious that the German Government named them as a fear monger association. The starting point of the Baader-Meinhof can be followed back to the late 1960s and mid 1970s when West Germany reeled under a progression of psychological militant bombings by radical liberals in Augsburg, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Munich and at American establishments in Frankfurt and Heidelburg, and bank burglaries and Molotov mixed drink assaults on open workplaces (Christenson 20). Two gatherings asserted duty regarding the assaults and one of these gatherings was the June second Movement, which alongside the other gathering was later known as the Baader-Meinhof group (Christenson 20). A few the individuals engaged with these exercises were Andreas Baader, the man answerable for the arrangement of the posse, and his better half Gundrun Ensslin. A noticeable writer who worked for the Konkret †Ulrike Meinhof †had met the two individuals and defended their deeds, and later joined the posse subsequent to aiding Baader escape from a prison (Christenson 20). Essaywriters 2 The conventional foundation of the RAF or Baader-Meinhof posse was done on 5 June 1970, yet the gang’s fear based oppressor acts grabbed genuine eye just since 1974 (Fulbrook 229). The posse, involving for the most part of individuals who were white collar class and knowledgeable, was framed with the dissatisfaction that had sneaked in to their brains subsequent to seeing their families bite the dust during the 1940s (Fulbrook 229). This was one of the essential reasons given by the pack, which felt that the government’s valid, abusive face must be brought before the general population. Subsequently, they began assaults on property and furthermore occupied with bank burglaries to support their exercises (Fulbrook 229). Notwithstanding, the genuine danger had started when they had begun to submit murders of famous individuals like the financier Jurgen Ponto; General State Prosecutor Buback, who they blamed for causing the passings of fear based oppressors †Holger Meins, Siegfried Hauser and Ulrike Meinhof; and employers’ pioneer Hanns Martin Schleyer (a high-positioned official in SS) (Fulbrook 229). The most unmistakable of their associations was in the Munich Olympics Massacre of 1972 (Reeve 37). The Organization The Baader-Meinhof Gang was shaped out of the New Left and Extra Parliamentary Opposition understudy developments that had colossal help from the German understudies during the 1950s and the 1960s, particularly against the U. S. war in Vietnam (Tucker 95). With the progression of time, further understudy shows occurred and on June 2, a college understudy called Benno Ohnesorg was shot dead by the police, stoking the discharge copying in the students’ hearts (Tucker 96). Andreas Baader energized understudy Essaywriters 3 activists to oust the German Government as it was a piece of the degenerate International framework and was commanded by the United States (Tucker 96). The genuine fear monger bunch was framed after a left-wing legal counselor named Horst Mahler recommended the making of a German urban Guerilla Movement, similar to the Tupamaros in Uruguay, and commitment in more noteworthy viciousness than incendiarism (Tucker 96). Mahler, alongside Baader and Ensslin were the pioneers of this little fear based oppressor gathering. When Baader was captured after the gathering was shaped in 1970, Ensslin approached Meinhof for help and the writer helped him escape (Tucker 96). Fear Activities The psychological militant pack began its initial barely any assaults on images that spoke to the entrepreneur framework and in 1968, after Baader drove left-wing understudy bunch Kommune I was discharged for fire related crime action, Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin and two different partners put bombs in two retail chains in Frankfurt am Main (Tucker 96). Andreas and his better half, Ensslin, were captured for the demonstration, however were later discharged in 1969 (Tucker 96). In the period 1970-1977, the posse focused on various government top-positioned authorities for death. They were effective in this objective when they killed unmistakable people like Jurgen Ponto, Prosecutor Buback and Hanns-Martin Schelyer (Fulbrook 229). Schleyer’s body was dumped inside the boot of a vehicle after a commandeer endeavor by the group was halted by Federal Border Police in Mogadishu (Fulbrook 229). The commandeer had been wanted to drive the administration to discharge the gang’s top pioneers Baader, Raspin and Ensslin. When Holger Meins, one of the individuals captured in 1972, kicked the bucket Essaywriters 4 of an appetite strike, the gathering executed Judge Gunter Von Drenkkman accordingly (Christenson 21). At the point when police captured numerous supporters of liberal fear based oppressor associations regarding this episode, the June second gathering abducted West Berlin mayoral competitor Peter Lorenz and requested the arrival of five indicted individuals, and in March, another gathering bombarded the Paris office of West German distributer Axel Springer requesting the discharge and exculpation of Baarden-Meinhof group’s individuals (Christenson 21). In another occurrence in April 1975, six guerillas executed three individuals and took 12 prisoners in the West German Embassy in Stockholm requesting the arrival of the group and when the administration won't, they murdered two ambassadors and set the government office ablaze (Christenson 21). Fundamental People in the Group Andreas Baader The most noticeable name in the Baader-Meinhof posse is Andreas Baader and the gathering was named after him. Baader was pulled in to the radical understudy development and he was one of the individuals liable for the bombarding of a Frankfurt retail establishment in 1968. He was a criminal even before his association in the Baader-Meinhof pack. He was captured for the retail chain bombarding, yet was discharged. He was captured a second time in 1970, when Ulrike Meinhof helped him escape through the library outside his jail. After the departure, he had invested some energy in Jordan in an activist preparing camp. After he came back to Germany, he was associated with many bank thefts and shelling exercises from 1970-1972. In June 1972, Baader and different individuals Jan-Carl Raspe, Essaywriters 5 Holger Meins and Gudrun Ensslin were captured and they were attempted till 1977. Baader had ended it all in October 1977 inside the jail cell. Ulrike Meinhof Ulrike Meinhof was not a piece of the gathering from the earliest starting point. She was an identifying writer who helped Baader escape from prison. Alongside Baader and other conspicuous individuals, she turned into a piece of the Baader-Meinhof posse. On May 9, 1976, Ulrike Meinhof was discovered swinging from the roof of her jail cell in Stuttgart-Stammheim. Gudrun Ensslin Although the gathering was incompletely named after Ulrike, the gang’s primary female pioneer was Ensslin, who was likewise the sweetheart of Baader. She had taken an interest in numerous understudy dissents during the 1960s. Ensslin had helped Baader in numerous dread exercises. She was likewise discovered dead with Baader and Raspe in the jail cell in 1977. Horst Mahler Horst Mahler was additionally one of the establishing individuals from the Baader-Meinhof group. He was once a left-wing aggressor. He was later kicked out of the posse. Jan-Carl Raspe Jan-Carl Raspe was one of the early individuals from the posse. He was captured alongside Baader and the rest. He was additionally discovered dead in the jail with others in 1977. Essaywriters 6 The Diffusion of the Group Although the administration accepted that the Baader-Meinhof pack quit working after the demise of its fundamental heads, the gathering kept on working till 1998. The media organization Reuters had gotten a message in 1998 that officially reported that the posse had been broken up. It was the finish of the ‘German Autumn. ’ Essaywriters 7 Works Cited Christenson, Ron. â€Å"Political Trials ever: From Antiquity to the Present† (1991): 20-23 Fulbrook, Mary. â€Å"History of Germany, 1918-2000: The Divided Nation† (2002): p. 229 Reeve, Simon. â€Å"One Day in September† (2000): 37 Tucker, Jonathan. B. â€Å"Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons† (2000): 95-96 Step by step instructions to refer to The Baader-Meinhof Gang, Papers

A view from the bridge dramatically effective Essay Example

A view from the scaffold significantly powerful Essay Example A view from the scaffold significantly powerful Essay A view from the scaffold significantly powerful Essay Later because of Eddies Negativity it appears as though everybody is against Eddie. Who Miller right now is being described as Selfish and awful. After this it says Catherine puts on a record and flushed with revolt asks Rodolfo to move. The words flushed with revolt give us that Catherine is extremely irritated and needs to get back and Eddie, giving him she isn't his manikin and is autonomous. Rodolfo right now isn't too certain about Eddie so chooses to state no, however Beatrice by and by conflicting with Eddie instructs them to move. Eddie is disappointed and the play says he dismisses his head. He at that point appears to arrange for how hes going to get Rodolfo back for this. To remove consideration from what hes done he begins applauding Rodolfo which hes never done. This is a physical method of demonstrating feelings, a great deal of Millers messages are sent through physical exercises. He at that point discovers his chance by asking Rodolfo to box with him. He at that point begins to appear to be extremely decent. Hes educating Rodolfo how to guard himself from adversaries. Acting well disposed with him. Beatrice who previously thought this was an ill-conceived notion begins getting a charge out of it. Everything is working out in a good way. Eddie asks Rodolfo to hit him and after Eddie says hes going to hit Rodolfo however in a well disposed manner. So Eddie hits him hard. Only he realizes that he has got his vengeance from Rodolfo hitting the dance floor with Catherine. Everybody is pondering whether Rodolfo is alright and Rodolfo attempting to appear to be masculine before Catherine says yes hes fine he was simply astonished. Every other person gets bulldozed. This was a method of Eddie getting his displeasure out, likewise demonstrating Rodolfo that he needs regard from him. This again is Physical like the majority of the key minutes in Millers play. Primarily the intension had been to appear to be a greater man than Rodolfo! In conclusion and this is the most significant segment which makes the finish of act one drastically compelling. Is where Marco asks Eddie to lift a seat with one hand and Eddie cant, yet Marco can. Everybody has succumbed to Eddies punch on Rodolfo as being simply agreeable with the exception of Marco who acknowledges there was a more profound intension. He at that point goes up against Eddie along these lines giving him that he is more grounded than him; for the most part that he will protect his sibling whenever he needs to. So Eddie should watch what he does. This is the second Confrontation among Eddie and Marco. Mill operator additionally needed this to leave a precipice holder to make crowds or peruser need to keep perusing or return and watch the remainder of the play. This likewise makes you consider what occurs in the play significantly more. By and by it is physical indicating that the vast majority of the play depends on physical exercises.

The PANDAS Hypothesis and Causes of OCD

The PANDAS Hypothesis and Causes of OCD OCD Causes Print The PANDAS Hypothesis and Causes of OCD By Naveed Saleh, MD, MS twitter linkedin Naveed Saleh, MD, MS, is a medical writer and editor covering new treatments and trending health news. Learn about our editorial policy Naveed Saleh, MD, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 26, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on November 26, 2019 Getty Images More in OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD Related Conditions It may sound improbable that strep throat can be a cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, for the first time, large-scale research coming out of Denmark seems to support this causal relationship. Background Bacteria are responsible for between 5 and 10 percent of sore throats. The most common bacterial agent responsible for sore throat is group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS or “strep”). In 1998, researchers at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIHM) observed that some children abruptly develop obsessive-compulsive disorder, tics, and other neuropsychiatric symptoms after being infected with GAS and other types of bacteria and viruses. These symptoms are rapid onset, and peak in intensity within 24 to 48 hours. Usually, OCD begins more gradually. Furthermore, the initial presentation of OCD can be hidden for months by a child secondary to anxiety or embarrassment about irrational worries and behaviors. In the beginning, the NIMH chose to focus its initial research efforts on the association between streptococcal infection and sore throat. They came up with a working hypothesis titled Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections or PANDAS. The PANDAS hypothesis describes how infection with GABS potentially causes OCD through an autoimmune process. The PANDAS hypothesis is controversial, and for years, there was limited support for it because all the studies examining the relationship between streptococcal infection, OCD, and tics involved only small numbers of participants. However, in a May 2017 issue of JAMA Psychiatry, Orlovska and co-authors detail a large study examining the link between GASâ€"as well as other types of infectionâ€"and OCD and tics. They looked at the records of more than one million Danish children spanning 17 years.         PANDAS Diagnosis There is no laboratory test that diagnoses PANDAS. Instead, a diagnosis of PANDAS is based on a detailed history and physical examination. Here are the five criteria used to diagnose PANDAS: Presence of either OCD, tic disorder, or both.The explosion in the onset of OCD, tics, or both that occurs abruptly and can wax and wane following subsequent streptococcal infections. Subsequent exacerbations similarly present with dramatic symptoms.Onset between 3 years and 11 years (the beginning of puberty). (This criterion is arbitrary, and adolescents can rarely be diagnosed with PANDAS.)Association with the sudden onset of symptoms suggestive of other neuropsychiatric illness, including concentration difficulties, general anxiety, bed-wetting, irritability, and developmental regression.A temporal association with a streptococcal infection needs to be established by either throat culture or blood tests (i.e., elevated anti-GAS antibody titers). Sydenham chorea, which also results in rapid, involuntary movements resembling tics, must also be ruled out to diagnose PANDAS. Like PANDAS, Sydenham chorea and, more generally, rheumatic fever have autoimmune underpinnings and occur secondary to  streptococcal infection. OCD in Children Differs From Adults How Does PANDAS Occur? Genetics, development, and immunity contribute to the development of PANDAS: First, certain children seem susceptible to PANDAS, and these children may share genetic similarities with those who experience rheumatic fever and Sydenham chorea.Second, PANDAS is developmental in nature because it usually affects children who have not yet experienced puberty, with the peak age being 6 or 7.Third, as with Syndenham chorea, those with PANDAS are hypothesized to develop antibodies that attack nerve cells in the brain. Streptococcal bacteria are a hardy and primeval organism that can mimic the cellular appearance of various body tissues to evade the body’s immune system.   When GABS mimic the appearance of brain cells, antibodies to brain tissue are thought to form. These antibodies end up attacking the basal ganglia, and instead of causing Sydenham chorea, result in OCD, tics, and so forth. PANS Diagnosis Because it is often hard to pinpoint an exact temporal relationship between strep infection and OCD or tics, in 2010, clinicians and researchers expanded the classification of PANDAS so that it falls under the umbrella of Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS). Instead of explicitly tying diagnosis to only streptococcal infection, PANS is more generally described by the abrupt onset of OCD and can be associated with nonstreptococcal infection, too, including influenza and varicella (chicken pox). Specifically, here are the diagnostic criteria for PANS: The abrupt and dramatic onset of OCDConcurrent presence of two additional neuropsychiatric symptoms similar to those seen in PANDASSymptoms which can’t be better explained by another neurological or motor disorder, such as Sydenham chorea, lupus, or Tourette disorder Notably, by formulating the PANS diagnosis, these clinicians and researchers hope to facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of abrupt-onset OCD. The relationship between PANDAS and PANS is analogous to the relationship between melanoma and cancer. In other words, just like melanoma is a subset of cancer, PANDAS is a subset of PANS. Of note, a diagnosis of PANS is also based on a detailed history and physical exam. Early vs Late-Onset OCD New Research Orlovska and colleagues examined Danish patient records spanning 17 (1996 to 2013) years and representing 1,067,743 children (defined as fewer than 18 years old). This study is by far the highest-powered analysis of the PANDAS hypothesis to date, and results support fundamental elements of this hypothesis. Here is a more specific breakdown of the patient records: 519,821 girls547,922 boys638,265 children received a streptococcal test349,982 had at least one positive streptococcal test The researchers found that children with a positive strep test result were more likely to exhibit mental disordersâ€"in particular, OCD and ticâ€"compared with those children without a strep test. More specifically, children with a positive strep test had an 18 percent higher risk of developing any mental disorder, a 51 percent higher risk of developing OCD, and a 35 percent higher risk of developing tic disorders. The researchers also found that children who had a nonstreptococcal throat infection (i.e., negative streptococcal test) also were at increased risk for mental disorders, OCD, and tic disorders. However, the magnitude of this risk was lower than that for streptococcal infection. The researchers found that, as defined by PANDAS criteria, children between age 3 and 11 had the greatest increased risk of OCD and tic disorders. According to the researchers, the results of the study support the PANDAS hypothesis to some extent. With regards to nonstreptococcal infection, they write the following: Our findings that the risk of mental disorders is only slightly less elevated after a nonstreptococcal throat infection than after a streptococcal infection suggest that other, possibly viral, infectious agents are also linked with the development of OCD and tic disorders. This finding might instead support the recently proposed concept of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome … Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome offers an alternative to PANDAS with wider diagnostic criteria; it is primarily thought to be a postinfectious condition but without restriction to streptococcal infections. PANDAS Treatment and Prevention As described in Fegin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Diseases: This proposed disorder [PANDAS] is currently a hypothesis, and it remains a controversial topic. Several authors believe in this disorder as a separate entity and recommend treatment and prophylaxis. Others argue that it is only a hypothesis and that further evidence with double-blind studies is needed before recommending treatment and prevention for children given a diagnosis of PANDAS. In other words, some experts view PANDAS (and PANS) as conjecture. Others, however, consider PANDAS diagnosis and will treat it accordingly. Recommendations Of note, the NIMH does recommend certain treatment options for those who are thought to have the condition: Children with PANDAS-related obsessive-compulsive symptoms will benefit from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and/or anti-obsessional medications. Studies show that the best results are produced from the combination of CBT and an SSRI medication (such as fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, or paroxetine). Children with PANDAS appear to be unusually sensitive to the side-effects of SSRIs and other medications, so it is important to “START LOW AND GO SLOW!!” when using these medications. By starting children on low dosages of psychotropic medications, the number and severity of negative side effects are minimized. If a child ends up experiencing negative side effects while on medication, the dosage should be decreased immediately. Of note, psychotropic medications should not be stopped abruptly because doing so could be dangerous. Antibiotics The NIMH stresses that if the strep infection is still present, the best treatment for PANDAS is antibiotics, including amoxicillin, penicillin, azithromycin, and cephalosporins. With positive throat cultures, a single course of antibiotics should be sufficient. Other measures include replacing toothbrushes and testing family members for strep to limit the risk of re-infection. Based on a small number of case reports, some clinicians treat patients who demonstrate symptoms of PANDAS with antibiotics even when streptococcal tests are negative. This practice requires further investigation. Immune-based therapies, including plasma exchange (i.e., plasmapheresis) and intravenous immunoglobulin, have also shown been used to effectively treat symptoms related to PANDAS. Steroids Steroids have also been used to treat PANDAS. However, the results of steroid treatment are mixed, with only some reports of benefit and other reports of worsening tics. Furthermore, steroids should be used only for a short period of time because they can be dangerous when used long-term. Finally, patients with PANDAS who receive steroids can experience a rebound effect which results in PANDAS symptoms that are even worse than when the steroids were started. For these reasons, steroids are usually not recommended for treatment in children who have PANDAS. Of note, sometimes a brief treatment with steroids can help clinicians gauge which patients will be responsive to plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin. On a related note, the preceding treatment guidance primarily applies to PANDAS not PANS, because PANS is a newer diagnosis with no tested treatments. Nevertheless, if PANS appears to be triggered by an infectious agent, treatment of the infection may attenuate the symptoms of OCD and other neuropsychiatric symptoms. Additionally, treatments that work for PANDAS, such as immune-based therapies, as well as preventive strategies, may also be useful when treating symptoms related to PANS. In two small clinical trials, prophylactic treatment with antibioticsâ€"or treatment before the occurrence of streptococcal throat infection and PANDAS symptomsâ€"proved effective in preventing strep infections and reducing recurrences of PANDAS symptoms. Specifically, some children who previously experienced PANDAS-related symptoms several months a year experienced far fewer exacerbations once given prophylactic antibiotics. These children were treated with either penicillin or azithromycin. Analogously, treatment with prophylactic antibiotics has proven useful with other streptococcal sequelae that have autoimmune origins, such as rheumatic fever and Sydenham chorea thus providing further support for this intervention. Could Childhood OCD be an Autoimmune Disorder?

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Gaining a “sense of the arts” through music Essay

Gaining a â€Å"sense of the arts† through music The arts are forms of personal and social expression. They stimulate imagination, thinking, thinking, and understanding. The arts are fundamental in the development of children, who can feel as well as think, and who are sensitive and creative. In early childhood education children identify and express the feelings and ideas in different forms such as music, dance, drama, and visual arts. This essay highlights the key ideas of how young children between the ages of three to five make sense through art such as music. Furthermore, this essay makes links to early childhood curriculum as a bicultural perspective. It concludes with the role of teachers and adults in providing support during†¦show more content†¦All this can be encouraged by means of active involvement in music making, and by watching musical performances. For example, children can watch an orchestra perform and have their attention drawn to how the instruments are conventionally held and played, each instrument having its own special time to play and to rest. They can watch cultural dances and observe various conventions, such as what dancers do with their hands or which cultural groups join hands and which do not. Through music children have the opportunity to use their bodies in rhythmic ways. Children benefit through use music in many ways such as language development, socialising and communication. In terms of language development children will be able to extend their oral language skills and verbal sounds. Music helps children with verbal skills, especially by nursery rhymes, singing and dancing. Through the presence of recurring poetry and the use of a bigger vocabulary, children learn to speak and write better. In terms of socialisation children will be have the opportunity to work with other children in small groups. These will help children learn about themselves and others. Te Whariki recognises that â€Å"children experience an environment where children are encouraged to learn with along side other† (MoE, 1996, p.70). For example when children are moving to music they areShow MoreRelatedTeaching Methods Can Affect Young Children s Initiative961 Words   |  4 Pagescooperation. Even though I am gaining ground on my engineer career path, my aspiration to teach young children is becoming increasingly stronger. Having seen many children’s unwillingness to study, I am acutely aware of how teaching methods can affect young children’s initiative. Some pupils have positive attitudes towards study, whereas others have an aversion to learning from a young age. 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Loy Krathong Free Essays

THIS evening, as the Thai people go to the nearby rivers, khlongs or ponds to float their lotus-shaped vessels made of banana leaves, they will be evoking the spirit of the sacred past, with a blessing of a full moon. Of all the Thai festivals, Loy Krathong is perhaps one of the most ritualistic and colourful events, rich in religious and spiritual expression. A krathong normally comes with a candle, three-joss-sticks and some flowers. We will write a custom essay sample on Loy Krathong or any similar topic only for you Order Now Floating the krathong down the river during the high tide, and after the rainy season is over, not only signifies the attempt to purge evil or bad luck, but also represents an act of worshipping the Goddess of the water. Therein lies the influence of Brahminism. Brahmin rites cannot be separated from the traditional religious practices of the Thais. But ancient Thai beliefs and folklore also hold that there are higher spirits residing everywhere, in the rivers, the trees and the mountains. There are virtually no places on earth that are not, or have not been, occupied by ghosts or by gods.You are supposed to act with reservation and not to speak out loud when you are in a forest because you do not want to disturb the spirits. But in Western thought, a forest is nothing but a wilderness for man to conquer. For Bt3,800 a ticket at the Shangri-la Hotel, you can observe the delights of fireworks above the Chao Phraya River while having your favourite wine and food. Other Bangkok hotels, with an eye for the dollar, also go at top gear with their Loy Krathong gimmicks. This is an idle, if not rather expensive, way to let the Loy Krathong Day slip by without philosophising or without the trouble fighting the crowds on the riverbanks.Nowhere in Thailand is the Loy Krathong Festival held with more fanfare than at Sukhothai, one of the ancient capitals that lies about 450 kilometres north of Bangkok. Despite its past grandeur, and its Utopian characteristics, Sukhothai’s existence comes to the fore only once a year, at the time of Loy Krathong. For most of the year Sukhothai is far from the Thai consciousness, like the ruins of its past that are forever buried under layers of the earth. Reviving Sukhothai can only be done necessarily by popularising it, with modern lights and sounds aga inst the background of its decaying structures. But as the young girls, clad in exquisite Thai costumes, prepare to float their krathongs into the pond of the Sukhothai historical park in front of the thousands of visitors, they almost unconsciously might have formed an elusive image of the grandiose Noppamas in their imaginations. What Venus is to beauty for the ancient Greeks, Noppamas is beauty for Thais. And one way of popularising Noppamas is to immortalise her through the Noppamas Beauty Queen Contest, held not only in Sukhothai but elsewhere throughout the country.Legend has it that Noppamas, a beautiful lady of exceptional wit and charm, was the first to have devised the krathong in the 13th century. She served in the court of King Lithai, the grandson of King Ramkhamhaeng The Great. A favourite of the king, Noppamas was said to have raised court mannerisms and practices to a high order. The krathong she floated created a lasting tradition that is still observed today, though with different imageries. Now Loy Krathong is firmly connected with the worldly desires for material gains. Young Thai couples also find the festival auspicious enough to bind their love together.You will know a Thai girl’s boyfriend by waiting to see with whom she goes to float the krathong with. Little do the young couples realise, however, that once they float the krathong, which is supposed to hold their spirits together, they let go their destiny into the realm of the unknown. While most Thais know Noppamas by associating her with the Loy Krathong Festival, few have bothered to go back to read King Lithai’s Buddhist to gain a proper frame of mind. While his grandfather King Ramkhamhaeng was held as the inventor of the Thai written characters, King Lithai wrote Trai Phum Phra Ruang or †Sermon on the Three Worlds†.This masterpiece was recognised as a Thai version of the Divine Comedy, ranked in the same class as Dante’s. King Lithai’s †Three Worlds† do not represent the earthly, the infernal or the heavenly spheres, but account for the three Buddhist forms of existence of the sentient world. In this religious universe, there is the world of kama-loka, or the world of the five senses; the world of rupa-loka, or the corporeal world of the 16 celestial grades; and the world of arupa-loka, or the incorporeal world where the five senses cease to function.This treatise formed a doctrinal basis for King Lithai to lead his followers to redemption. Ancient Thais were given the vision of the various cosmic realms and their inhabitants, some of whom were confined to eternal damnations if they could not break away from their sins. Floating the krathong with King Lithai — not Noppamas — in your heart will get you closer to Dharmma. A shocking reality is now emerging that in spite of her immortality, Noppamas might not exist at all. Whether she is a historical person or a fictiona l character is a subject of controversial debate in the academic circle. But let the academics carry on their debate. Noppamas will continue to exist, for in Thailand histories and legends are mixed so intensely like moulding gold into a pagoda that the facts lie in the realm of introspection. Name†¦Mr. Setthawut Maneepathompong BA. English Batch 7/1 ID: 5353020414 First Love It is so hard to write you. Why am I doing it this way, not intending ever to send this letter, still with one eye to publication, a grand concept for a book in some sense, and still with one eye, that poets conscience, to a future which becomes increasingly impossible to imagine.It seems the only way I can bear the passion behind the language, the memory, the desire, the only way not to be burnt up by what I feel. You come over me in waves of memory, especially when I sleep, and I wake up in sweat and trembling, not knowing where I am, not remembering the years that separate us. So often I wanted to write, dear E, now I am this person, I look this way (you wouldn’t like it), I do this, I feel this, lists, details, it was warm or cold on that day when that happened and then my life changed in this way and that–but I cant, I never could, and I cant now.In writing this letter, not to be sent, perhaps I can find the signs that will tell you who I have become. Dearest E, I loved you. Now that love is memory, sometimes haunting, sometimes buried, forgotten, as if dead. I see yr face, yes, I know, as it was, I remember you as I remember the sun, always, burned in my brain; somehow you are part of me, mixed up in me, for all the days of my life. I left you when you were life to me, when to be physically separated from you was sheer and consuming pain, as if a limb had been cut off, ampu tated. Leaving you was the hardest, and perhaps the bravest, thing I have ever done. Dearest E, I want to describe in some way the drive to become that impelled me to go to you and to go from you, that has driven me from person to person, place to place, bed to bed, street to street, and which somehow coheres, finds cogency and true expression, when I say, I want to write, or I want to be a writer, or I am a writer. I want to tell you that this drive to become is why I left you and why I never returned as I had promised. I was 19 when I knew you. I wanted to be a writer. I didn’t want to go mad or suffer or die.I was 19. I wasn’t afraid of anything, or, as I sometimes thought, I was equally afraid of everything so that nothing held a special terror and no action that interested me was too dangerous. I wanted to do everything that I could imagine doing, everything I had ever read about, anything any poet or hero had ever done. I loved Rimbaud. I loved Plato and through him Socrates. I loved Sappho. I loved Dostoevsky, and sweet Shelley, and Homer. I loved cold Valery, and warm D. H. Lawrence, and tortured Kafka, and raging tender Ginsberg. I didn’t have questions in words in my mind.I had instead these surging impulses that welled up and were spent. I had a hunger to know and to tell and to do everything that could be done. I had an absolute faith in my own will to survive. What I didn’t want to do was to say, look I’m this height, and I went to school here and there, and then that year I did this and that, and then I knew so and so, and then the next one was so and so, and then this situation occurred, and then that one, and the room was red and blue and three by four, and then I was that old and went there and did that and then that and then, naturally, that. I wanted instead to write books that were fire and ice, wind sweeping the earth. I wanted to write books that, once experienced, could not be forgotten, books that would be cherished as we cherish the most exquisite light we have ever seen. I had contempt for anything less than this perfect book that I could imagine. This book that lived in my imagination was small and perfect and I wanted it to live in person after person, forever. Even in the darkest of human times, it would live. Even in the life of one person who would sustain it and be sustained by it, it would live.I wanted to write a book that would be read even by one person, but always. For the rest of human time some one person would always know that book, and think it beautiful and fine and true, and then it would be like any tree that grows, or any grain of sand. It would be, and once it was it would never not be. In my secret longings there was another desire as well, not opposite but different, not the same but as strong. There would be a new social order in which people could live in a new way.There would be this new way of living which I could, on the edges of my mind and in the core of my being, imagine and taste. People would be free, and they would live decent lives, and those lives would not be without pain, but they would be without certain kinds of pain. They would be lives untouched by prisons and killings and hunger and bombs. I imagined that there could be a world without institutionalized murder and systematic cruelty. I imagined that I could write a book that would make such a world possible. So my idea of my book that I would write sometimes took another turn.It had less to do with the one person who would always, no matter how dark the times, somewhere be reading it, and it had more to do with here and now, change, transformation, revolution. I had some idea of standing, as one among many, my book as my contribution, at one point in history and changing its course and flow. I thought, imagine a book that could have stopped the Nazis, imagine a life strong and honest enough to enable one to make such a book. I began to think of writing as a powerful way of changing the human condition instead of as a beautiful way of lamenting it or as an enriching or moving way of describing it. I had wanted to make Art, which was, I had been led to believe, some impeccable product, inhuman in its process, made by madmen, inhuman in its final form, removed from life, without flaw, perfect, crystal, monumental, pain turned beautiful, sweat turned cold and stopped in time, suffering turned noble and stopped in time. But I also wanted to write a book that could be smelled and felt, that was total human process, the raw edges left as raw as any life, real, with a resolution that took one to a new beginning, not separate from my life or the lives of the multitudes who were living when I was living.I wanted to write a book that would mean something to people, not to dead people past or future, but to living people, something that would not only sustain them but change them, not only enhance the world in the sense of ornament, but transform, redefine, reinvent it. When I knew you I was 19. I did not know many things. How could I? I wanted to make Art, and I had a passion for life, and I wanted to act in the world so that it would be changed, and I knew that those things nourished one another but I did not know how.I did not know that they could be the same, that for me they must be the same, for they all had to live in this one body as one or they could not live at all. The teachers I had had did not know or tell the truth. They did not care about how artists lived in the world. They seemed to find the lives of artists shoddy and cheap, even as they found works of art marble and pure. They never talked about art as if it had anything at all to do with life. They thought that the texts were there to be analyzed, or memorized, one after another.They thought that art was better than life, better than the artists who made the art and lived their lives. They had no notion of process, how one made something out of the raw impulses of the imagination, how one cried out or mourned or raged in images, in language, in ideas. So they taught that ideas were fixed, dead, sacred or profane, right or wrong, to be studied but not created, to be learned but not lived. They did not seem to know that the whole of human literature is a conversation through time, each voice speaking to the whole of human living. How to cite Loy Krathong, Papers

The case of Jones v Padavatton Essay Example

The case of Jones v Padavatton Essay The case of Jones v Padavatton concerned whether or not a legally enforceable contract existed between the parties, in this case a mother and daughter. The judgements of Salmon LJ and Fenton Atkinson LJ, although reaching the same conclusion have very different reasoning. Salmon LJ considered that two main factors needed to be addressed; whether or not the parties had intended a legally binding contract, and whether the terms of the contract were sufficient to be legally enforceable. The English law operates generally on an objective approach based on what a reasonable person in the position of the parties would have intended. Salmon LJ follows this approach in his judgement, stating it is a presumption of fact that when arrangements are made between family members, they are not intended to create a legal relationship but are rather based on mutual ties of trust and affection. This presumption was established by Atkins LJ in his explanation of the case Balfour v Balfour and is cited by Salmon LJ, however he does go on to accept that in some circumstances just because a, Contracting party is unlikely to extend his pound of flesh does not mean he has no legal right to. I consider that the principle illustrated by Balfour v Balfour, although fundamental for many cases, may not be so relevant considering the circumstances of this case. We will write a custom essay sample on The case of Jones v Padavatton specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The case of Jones v Padavatton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The case of Jones v Padavatton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In a society of increased domestic disruption, illustrated through statistics such as rising divorce rates, it is very arguable that family arrangements are becoming more likely to be intended as legally enforceable. In considering the very special circumstances of this case, I consider it is possible to distinguish it from that of Balfour v Balfour and rather follow the approach of Fenton Atkinson LJ, studying the specific intention of the parties rather than the presumption derived from the case of Balfour v Balfour. Salmon LJ considers the second factor to be addressed is whether the terms of the agreement were sufficient enough to be legally enforceable. He considers the intentions of the daughter were clear- to leave Washington and study for the Bar in England, but did not consider the mother would have intended to give up all her rights concerning the house. The arrangements were too vague to have contractual intent. Similarly there is no evidence that the mother ever intended her daughter to receive any more than $200 in West-Indian terms, a month maintenance support. On this point I agree with Salmon. In English law, if the terms of an offer are not certain, the resulting agreement can fail. I do not consider that the terms were certain enough to ensure a legally binding contract, and here agree with the explanation from Fenton Atkinson LJ, that the responsibility was for the daughter to establish a contract in relation to the house and she totally failed to do so. Salmon LJ considered alongside this, that the terns of the offer could not possibly exceed five years from 1962 considering all circumstances of the case, and thus the daughter was entitled to nothing further under the original agreement Salmon LJ concluded his judgement by addressing the counterclaim referred to by the CCJ, and states that a reasonable compromise should be reached on the figures, so as not to exacerbate ill feeling between parties. This view in considered too by Fenton Atkinson LJ. Fenton Atkinson LJ addresses the issues of consideration and intention in his judgement; issues which I have to consider are far more relevant to the specifics of this case. He addresses several points in his judgement, firstly whether the agreements made between the parties were intended to be legally enforceable, secondly did the mother intend to be legally bound to support her daughter for an uncertain period of time, and thirdly did the daughter assume a contractual obligation to complete her studies. Fenton Atkinson LJ concludes that consideration was given by the daughter in the form of executed consideration, evident through her move from Washington to London, but does not consider that here consideration can determine whether the parties intended a legally binding contract. The courts generally apply an objective approach when studying intention, however I agree with Collins, who states that this objective approach conflicts with reality. Fenton Atkinson LJ, following this approach, states that it is the history of this case which most accurately points to the intentions of the parties, and highlights three important factors. Firstly, that the payments of $200 were accepted by the daughter without any indication that the mother was contractually bound to a larger sum, secondly, that when in 1964 The mother bought the property, many matters had been left open, such as the control of rents, and occupation boundaries. The final factor highlighted, and which I consider to be of huge significance, is the behaviour of the daughter when her mother visited. The daughter was evidently extremely upset that the issue had become litigated, and stated that a mother does not normally sue her daughter. This is perhaps the strongest indication that the daughter had never intended legal consequences to arise from the agreement. Fenton Atkinson LJ was satisfied that no legally binding contract had been intended, and the arrangements had been based on mutual trust. He held that the mothers claim for possession should succeed, and the appeal allowed. Although Salmon LJ and Fenton Atkinson LJ reached the same final judgement, I do not consider that the reasoning of Salmon was as relevant to this case as that of Fenton Atkinson LJ. As I have mentioned above, the objective approach applied by Salmon LJ cannot be applied in every case and may in fact be becoming outdated. The approach adopted by Fenton Atkinson LJ must be considered more appropriate for the very special circumstances of this case, and I agree that the intention of the parties was best determined through the behavioural history of the mother and her daughter rather than the judgement of Balfour v Balfour. I do not deny that the reasoning of Salmon LJ is that which the majority would be likely to adopt, and agree with many other factors he addresses, such as the judgement of reasonable time not exceeding five years. I cannot however conclude that his reasoning is of such relevance to this case, as that of Fenton Atkinson LJ.